Morocco’s evolving African policy: unity, strategy, and resilience

Morocco’s relationship with Africa has been a journey of unity, fragmentation, and strategic choices, shaped by history, diplomacy, and resilience. Over decades, the country has balanced its African identity with calculated decisions, navigating complex political landscapes and striving for regional stability.

Morocco’s commitment to African unity dates back to the late 1950s when it was among the pioneers advocating for a united continent. Notably, the country participated in the 1958 Accra Conference and hosted the Tangier tripartite meeting of liberation movements. In 1960, the Casablanca Group convened in Morocco, aiming to establish a supranational framework for Africa’s independence and development. Despite these efforts, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) was established in 1963, adopting the principle of inviolable colonial borders—a stance Morocco initially opposed but ultimately accepted with reservations.

By 1984, Morocco chose to leave the OAU after the organization admitted the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), a move Morocco viewed as a violation of legal norms. This withdrawal, however, was not a retreat from Africa but a calculated step to preserve unity and avoid further fragmentation. Decades later, in 2017, Morocco rejoined the African Union (AU), the successor to the OAU, strategically reclaiming its place to counter adversaries and strengthen alliances.

A central African strategy

Morocco’s African policy has evolved through five key stages, each reflecting the country’s shifting priorities and challenges. Initially, the focus was on territorial integrity, navigating colonial legacies and regional disputes. The Sand War with Algeria, which garnered unexpected support from African and Arab nations, further complicated Morocco’s early diplomatic efforts. Yet, the recovery of territories such as Tarfaya (1959), Sidi Ifni (1969), and the southern provinces (1975) marked significant milestones.

The second phase involved Morocco’s withdrawal from the OAU in 1984, a protest against the organization’s recognition of SADR. This move underscored Morocco’s determination to defend its sovereignty. The third stage began with Morocco’s return to the AU in 2017, a strategic decision to counter adversaries and reinforce its influence within the continent.

The fourth phase saw Morocco addressing the anomaly of SADR’s presence in the AU. While the entity remains a point of contention, its influence has waned, with only a handful of countries maintaining recognition. Morocco’s approach has been patient, capitalizing on the declining credibility of SADR’s supporters.

The fifth phase emphasizes economic diplomacy. By the late 1980s, Morocco recognized that economic cooperation could pave the way for stronger African ties. This shift coincided with global changes, including France’s evolving Africa policy and the fall of the Soviet Union, which opened new opportunities for economic engagement.

Historical insights and religious ties

Morocco’s African identity is deeply rooted in history and culture. From the Battle of Oued al-Makhazen in 1578 to its leadership in spreading Islam in West Africa, Morocco’s influence has shaped the region for centuries. Religious ties, particularly through the Tijaniyya and other brotherhoods, continue to play a role in Morocco’s African diplomacy.

Modern reforms in Morocco’s religious sector, coupled with its resistance to external ideological influences, have reinforced these connections. The country’s approach balances tradition with contemporary challenges, providing a stable foundation for its African partnerships.

Economic leadership in Africa

In recent decades, Morocco has emerged as a leading investor in Africa, particularly in West Africa. Moroccan banks, such as the Bank of Africa and Banque Centrale Populaire, have restructured financial systems in countries like Mali and Guinea. The Office Chérifien des Phosphates (OCP) has spearheaded agricultural projects, including fertilizer plants in Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Ghana.

By 2023, Morocco was Africa’s largest investor, with foreign direct investment reaching $836 million. This economic engagement, coupled with initiatives like the Atlantic gas pipeline and regional infrastructure projects, has solidified Morocco’s role as a key player in Africa’s development.

Resilience and strategic alliances

Morocco’s African policy reflects a strategic blend of patience, resilience, and pragmatism. The country has avoided direct interference in the internal affairs of its neighbors, focusing instead on building trust and fostering mutual development. This approach has earned Morocco a reputation as a reliable partner and mediator.

King Mohammed VI’s extensive diplomatic efforts, including 52 visits to 29 African countries since 1999, underscore Morocco’s commitment to the continent. The country has signed over 600 agreements with 40 African nations, advancing projects in energy, transportation, and education.

A vision for the future

Morocco’s African strategy is rooted in mutual development, accountability, and respect for sovereignty. The country has positioned itself as a beacon of stability and progress in a region often marked by conflict and competition. As Africa faces new geopolitical challenges, Morocco’s approach offers a model of cooperation and resilience, emphasizing shared prosperity over division.

Through its actions, Morocco demonstrates that African unity is not just an ideal but a practical necessity, achievable through strategic partnerships and a steadfast commitment to progress.