239 years of Morocco-USA Peace and Friendship Treaty: A historical alliance and strategic partnership

For over two centuries, the relationship between Morocco and the United States has embodied a remarkable alliance, initiated by the “Moroccan-American Peace and Friendship Treaty” signed on January 25, 1786. This treaty, still one of the oldest active bilateral agreements, has been the foundation of continuous political, economic, and strategic cooperation.

In December 2020, a pivotal moment occurred with the U.S. recognition of Morocco’s sovereignty over the Sahara, a decision whose consequences are still unfolding, particularly with the return of Donald Trump to the White House in 2025.

During the reign of Sultan Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah (1757–1790), Morocco held a key geostrategic position in the 18th century, bridging Europe, Africa, and the Americas. In 1777, the Moroccan Sultan became the "first head of state" to recognize the independence of the United States, which was still engaged in war against British rule. This bold act reflected Morocco's desire to establish diplomatic relations with the emerging nation.

The treaty, signed in 1786 after diplomatic exchanges led by Thomas Barclay on behalf of George Washington, ensured the protection of American ships in Moroccan waters, safeguarded trade, and established formal friendship between the two nations. Ratified in 1787, this agreement remains a symbol of the enduring relationship between Rabat and Washington.

A Constantly Evolving Relationship The treaty formed the basis for stable relations throughout the 19th century, even as Morocco faced the challenges of European colonial expansion. Trade and maritime cooperation remained the cornerstones of the alliance.

During World War II, Morocco, under French protection, played a strategic role in the fight against the Axis powers. The 1942 “Operation Torch,” the Allied invasion of North Africa, marked the beginning of a long-standing military cooperation between the two countries.

Following Morocco’s independence in 1956, Moroccan-American relations deepened, especially during the Cold War. Under King Hassan II’s leadership, Morocco became a crucial ally of the U.S. due to its stability and mediating role in regional crises. Washington supported Rabat in its modernization efforts while maintaining strong security cooperation.

Morocco: An Invaluable Partner Over the past two decades, Moroccan-American relations have diversified far beyond military aspects. The 2004 free trade agreement marked a significant milestone, enhancing commercial exchanges and fostering American investment in Morocco, particularly in renewable energy and infrastructure sectors.

Recognition of Moroccan Sovereignty Over the Sahara On December 10, 2020, the U.S. under the Trump administration made a historic decision by officially recognizing Morocco’s sovereignty over the Sahara. This announcement, celebrated by Rabat, marked a decisive breakthrough in the issue of the Moroccan Sahara, a region central to North African stability and economic development.

With Donald Trump’s return to the White House in 2025, new opportunities for the Moroccan-American partnership emerge. Trump’s pragmatic foreign policy approach is expected to further institutionalize the U.S. recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over the Sahara and encourage other nations to adopt similar positions. Washington is also likely to support Morocco’s development initiatives in its southern provinces, such as special economic zones and infrastructure projects.

Strategic Economic and Security Partnership Morocco, as a key African hub, offers U.S. businesses a gateway to the continental market. The Trump administration could accelerate investments in strategic sectors such as green energy, where Morocco has established itself as a regional leader, as well as agro-industry, digital technology, and port infrastructure.

Amid growing tensions in the Sahel and Mediterranean regions, the U.S. will continue collaborating with Morocco in the fight against terrorism and the promotion of regional stability. Thanks to its intelligence expertise and strategic location, Morocco remains a key partner for the U.S. in these efforts.

Furthermore, Morocco could leverage this momentum to strengthen cultural and diplomatic exchanges with the United States, emphasizing its role as a bridge between the Arab world, Africa, and the West.