Eastern Europe's youth confront populism: the battle for Europe’s future

Poland, Romania, and Hungary are at the heart of a growing political divide in Europe, where populist movements challenge liberal values, EU integration, and social progress. Recent elections and youth perspectives reveal a region grappling with its identity and future in the face of rising nationalism.

Romania: a pro-European stand

Romania’s May 2025 presidential election marked a turning point, with independent centrist Nicușor Dan defeating far-right rival George Simion by securing 54% of the vote. Youth participation soared to 65%, the highest in 20 years, signaling a rejection of populist narratives in favor of progressive governance aligned with EU and NATO principles.

Romanian students interviewed highlighted distrust in mainstream media and the influence of social media in spreading misinformation. One student noted how economic frustrations and a legacy of geopolitical detachment have fueled radicalism. However, the youth remain committed to European ideals, despite attempts by populist parties to exploit anti-EU rhetoric.

A prior scandal involving Russian-backed campaigns for a populist candidate further solidified Romania's pro-European stance, leading to electoral annulments and investigations. The younger generation’s resolve appears stronger than ever, underscoring their role in shaping democratic outcomes.

Poland: navigating a nationalist tide

Poland’s June 2025 presidential runoff brought conservative Karol Nawrocki to power with a razor-thin victory of 50.89%. While formally independent, Nawrocki aligns with nationalist policies, opposing EU federalization and liberal reforms. This election deepened the divide between conservative rural voters and progressive urban youth.

Polish students expressed skepticism about Nawrocki’s ability to foster unity, citing concerns over judicial independence and resistance to social liberalization. One student emphasized that while Poland remains committed to Ukraine’s defense, nationalist rhetoric complicates immigration policies and perceptions of Ukrainian refugees.

Despite these tensions, young Poles remain engaged, advocating for a balance between national sovereignty and European collaboration.

Hungary: entrenched populism under Orban

Hungary presents the most entrenched example of right-wing populism in the EU. Under Viktor Orban’s Fidesz party, media freedoms, academic independence, and civil liberties have eroded. Rural support for Orban’s anti-immigration and nationalist propaganda contrasts sharply with the pro-European sentiment of Budapest’s youth.

Students described life under Orban’s rule as constrained yet resilient. Despite censorship and propaganda, young Hungarians continue to champion EU values, rejecting the false dichotomy between national identity and European belonging.

Hungary’s resistance to EU sanctions on Russia also reflects the opportunistic nature of Orban’s leadership, driven more by financial gain than ideological conviction. Students expressed frustration but remained hopeful about their role in shaping the country’s future.

A regional crossroads

Across Eastern Europe, youth engagement is reshaping the political landscape. Romania’s pro-European shift demonstrates the power of democratic participation, while Poland’s and Hungary’s struggles underscore the challenges of resisting populism. Students in these countries are not merely observers—they are active participants in the fight for Europe’s liberal democratic values.

The upcoming 2029 European Parliament elections will test whether this younger generation can sustain their momentum. As one Romanian student noted, “We understand what’s at stake. This time, we made sure to be heard.”